The Negro spiritual was a central medium slaves used to express the suffering of an inhuman existence. Saint Helena Island, one of the largest of the Sea Islands, has provided the most studied body of Negro spirituals first captured in the 1867 publication Slave Songs of the United States. This compilation contained Gullah Geechee-infused texts, rhythms and melodies of the enslaved that drew attention from white audiences, helping to inspire black college touring groups such as the Fisk Jubilee Singers and Hampton Singers. Over the past two decades, leading scholars have connected the Gullah Geechee culture to West and Central Africa, especially the language.
In this presentation, I will discuss the early transcriptions by the Slave Songs editors and the Sierra Leone musicologist George Ballanta-Taylor, who visited Saint Helena Island in the early 1920s, giving insight into the manner in which the enslaved sang their songs. Later, I will present my recent transcriptions on Saint Helena Island as a comparative analysis to the historical review and to contemporary spiritual arrangements. I hope to show the audience the extraordinary adaptability of the slave songs but also the immense rhythmic, linguistic, and melodic challenges often overlooked in their performance. Current Gullah Geechee research offers help to those teachers seeking authenticity in performing Negro spirituals and provides a wealth of unexplored music waiting to be performed.
Please view Eric Crawford’s presentation on our MAR NATS YOUTUBE channel